How Social Media Helps Maintain And Grow Friendships

Frequent interaction helps maintain and grow friendships. However, the demands of a career and/or raising a family might leave little time for visiting with friends. A change in geography (for such reasons as health, career, or school) might result in excessive time passing between get-togethers. Social media helps maintain the bonds of a relationship by facilitating communication and can establish new friendships. Circumstances can prevent face-to-face interactions. Waiting until we see someone in the flesh to communicate with them isn’t always practical. If the time between meets is lengthy, such as a yearly family reunion, this can weaken the relationship. A telephone is a great tool for maintaining social links. It’s abundant and inexpensive. Yet, it’s limited to one conversation at a time and requires the other person to answer otherwise we have to leave a voicemail. Other useful tools include instant messengers such as Yahoo or Skype. Messages are distributed via text, voice, pictures and/or video. Still, it’s limited to individual messages and can be cumbersome when we need to contact numerous people. Facebook, on the other hand, combines the two technologies. When we post a message in our space, it gets conveyed to everyone on our contact list, or instead, we can send a private message. This ease and convenience can help support relationships by allowing us t o keep in touch when circumstances prevent us from doing so in person. Absence of seeing friends andShow MoreRelatedIs Social Media Making Us Less Social?1232 Words   |  5 PagesPitman British Literature 8 May 2015 Is Social Media Making us Less Social? Throughout the last decade, social media has drastically changed the way people interact with others. Websites like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have taken the world by storm. It has never been easier to have a conversation with family members, friends, or even strangers who live millions of miles away. Due to the rise of social media, people have become more aware of social issues and have become aware of the worldRead MoreThe Means Of Friendship : Friendship, And Friendships952 Words   |  4 PagesA friendship is a special relationship that can be seen on every living animal. It encompasses trust, care, loyalty, honesty and support. Not only humans, but even animals when separated from their friends develop feelings of loneliness and isolation. Most of the relationships involve a certain kind of boundaries, whereas friendships can have no boundaries, rules and regulations. From my perspective, there can be friendship with different species which seems unusual and yet it exis ts. If it weren’tRead MoreSocial Medi A Digital Word Of Mouth For Companies1539 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media: â€Å"A Digital Word of Mouth for Companies† Today, I will be informing you of Social Media’s role in the success of modern-day companies, and how FACEBOOK particularly aids in these companies success. To begin, I believe it would be of the essence that I offer you feedback on the whole idea of what social media is all about. Early in elementary school, we were taught that we live in a world filled with two people: consumers and producers. Consumers are those of us who seek some sort ofRead MorePros And Cons Of Technology1137 Words   |  5 Pageslives. There are pros and cons to technology, with most of the cons being discovered ever increasingly as people become more and more intertwined with their own personal devices. Overall, technology is good, but it has become the bane of developing friendships, increasing feelings of loneliness, isolation, and inability to focus and communicate properly. The internet opened a doorway which allowed people to connect with someone on the other side of the globe and with this came vast pros and cons. We’reRead MoreSocial Media Has Changed The Expectations Of Social Relationships2057 Words   |  9 PagesToday, the average person spends at least two hours a day on social media sites. Through social media, texting, and online chatrooms, people can communicate with others that they would otherwise have no contact with. For this topic, it is important to define what ‘friendship’ really means. Some have argued that a friend is someone they talk with; others say it’s someone they’ve shared an experience with. For this essay, friendship will be defined as someone who is kept in constant contact with throughRead MoreThe Evolution Of Communication Through Social Media Essay2165 Words   |  9 Pagesof Communication Through Social Media Technology advances at a never ending pace; the amount of control individuals have at the tip of their fingers with just their phones is unbelievable. Smartphones hold every detail of a person’s life, including social media applications; social media can tell one the life story of a complete stranger with just the click of a button. The power that social media and technology hold in our world today demonstrates the growth of social networks, Snapchat as beingRead MoreThe Importance Of Relationship Development810 Words   |  4 Pageskey to understanding why people interact the way they do. To figure this out, it is important to understand how relationships change as we grow older, how the internet affects our relationships, how we remember important points in a relationship, and how rituals affect the quality of a relationship. Learning how these aspects of relationship development work together to build and maintain relationships between couples and friends are important in understanding where these relationships go wrong orRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has become prominent parts of life for many young people today. Most people engage with social media without stopping to think what the effects are on our lives, whether positive or negative. Are we as a society becoming more concerned with Facebook friends than we are with the people we interact with face-to-face in our daily lives? What will the longterm effects of today s social media use be? There are many positive aspects, but there are equally as many dangers that come withRead MoreHow Social Networking Changed Social Interactions Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagestechnology started to grow with the invention of the telephone in 1876. Technology continued to rise with the computer being invented around 1936 which then brought us emailing in the 1970’s. With the rise of computer technology and finding faster ways for people to comm unicate, social media and networking were born. Social media is a way for people to interact with each other, share photos online and exchange thoughts or ideas about something. The increased utilization of social networks, such as FacebookRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On Child Development1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthey are hungry as food is needed in order for the brain to function well. A child’s physical development is likely to be affected as they will not grow and thrive at the appropriate rate, becoming under developed as well as under nourished. If a child does not a healthy diet they will become deficient in nutrients and minerals which help a child grow which means they will have problems with hair, nails, teeth growth and skin will become dry and itchy. The house may be cold if there is no money for

Research Paper Topics - Choosing the Right Topics

Research Paper Topics - Choosing the Right TopicsEconomic development research paper topics may be difficult to choose, but it is very important to decide the topic for the paper. In particular, the economic development research paper should be focused on particular issues in terms of the nation's economy and the way it is addressed. When writing your paper, you will want to present information about the country in question that relates to the topic you have chosen. This means that you must be able to provide specific examples and details about how things are done in the country.The United States is a huge country and there are many different areas that it spans. With this in mind, it is necessary to have a variety of topics to talk about when writing an economic development research paper. In this sense, it is important to realize that the economic development research paper should cover everything that is going on in the United States. If you only concentrate on one part of the cou ntry, then you will miss out on information that is pertinent to the rest of the country.For this reason, the first thing you should do is review the economy of the United States and see if there is any aspect of the economy that interests you in terms of what is going on. You can even write an economic development research paper that talks about specific industries within the country. As long as you remember to include certain facts about the country in question, then you will be able to write a quality research paper on the topic.When writing an economic development research paper, it is also important to choose a topic that is different from others. Remember that people interested in the topic will not just be reading a generic type of paper. In fact, the subject matter in a research paper often involves many different types of sectors within the country. Because of this, you will want to be careful to select a topic that is a bit more unique so that you can avoid overlooking imp ortant information.It is also important to note that economic development research paper topics are often very involved and detailed. This is because there are specific aspects of the country that need to be included in the paper. Once you have decided on the topic, then you should research the best way to include it in the paper.One of the most common ways that researchers choose the topics for their research paper is by taking courses in the country in question. Of course, this is a very specific example of how topics are chosen for the research paper. However, it does show that the topic of a research paper is important. If you are unsure as to what types of topics you should look for, then you should make sure that you do your research on the subject matter.In addition to the type of information that you should include in the research paper, you should also take into consideration other aspects of the country. It is important to remember that no matter how good the research pape r is, it will only be as good as the information that you include. After all, the research paper is not only about looking at the economic aspect of the country, but it is also a reflection of the country in general.As you begin researching the economic development research paper topics that are available to you, you should also find out the different types of topics that are available. By researching this information, you will be better able to choose the best ones. After all, no matter how good the research paper is, it won't be able to capture the depth of information that you need if it has not been researched well. In order to be able to make the most of your paper, you should also make sure that you research the topic thoroughly.

How to Write Counterargument and Refutation in an Essay Samples

How to Write Counterargument and Refutation in an Essay SamplesHave you ever wondered how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay? These are the things that you must remember to write down so that you do not forget any of them. There are certain things that you must know about how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples.There are many ways by which you can prove your case. If you find out the fact that your essay is so weak, then you should definitely study for writing essays or at least learn to use the appropriate writing technique. In addition, you will come across with several other essay topics that you would like to learn. Then, your problem comes into sight. How to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples?An important thing to consider in this field is that you do not have to be an expert in order to write a good article. You just need to become a professional writer. You need to do research on the topics that you would like to write about. Once you find the information, you must make use of it in your essay. If you make use of the correct information, then you would be able to impress your readers with your craftsmanship.If you are really interested in how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples, then you must remember that you have to understand the meaning of this particular point. You must understand the point in which you are writing the essay and the purpose of your writing. This is one thing that you have to study thoroughly. Your essay samples will look different if you succeed in learning how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples.The next point to consider in this field is the task that you will be facing. You have to write an essay that would help you in passing the entrance exam. The rest of the points in the essay samples may not matter in the end. It would only depend on how good you are at writing essays. If you have a good education and command over grammar, then you could get all the benefits that you want from your essay samples.One more thing that you need to take into consideration is that you need to follow the directions in the writing samples. These directions are very specific. You have to follow them correctly. Once you start getting interested, you will not have any difficulty in writing an essay. Then, you will be able to test the real value of your essay samples. You will be able to understand why you need to go for this article writing service.There are many ways in which you can learn how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples. You can easily find the right way to go through the directions in the writing samples. Then, you would not have any difficulty in writing your essay and that is one great benefit that you would get.

The challenges that meet the education system reform Free Essays

Educational systems all over the universe were called to turn to the planetary displacement in societal, political and economic conditions. This displacement required to reexamine whether it was traveling to maintain gait with planetary developments. Along with other enterprises, the instruction system was besides identified as one that required to be evaluated. We will write a custom essay sample on The challenges that meet the education system reform or any similar topic only for you Order Now It needed to be enhanced to run into the new challenges in these yearss. The pupils coming out of the educational system should hold the necessary cognition and accomplishments to take the state to new highs of technological, economic and societal development. The background to the survey is that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 ) clarified that instruction should be free and compulsory for all people. Since the Declaration, the universe has tried to take stairss to accomplish this end. Education is the focal point of attending across many states because it has a bearing on all facets of development. For illustration, if people obtain the necessary literacy and accomplishments, they can be employed, taking to increased economic development. Another facet is that skilled people show more willingness to take part in administration. Active engagement will diminish societal fright. Education can give people assurance and create equality in the society. ( 2005. Dissertation Paper ) The importance of instruction was recognized in the World Education Forum in 1990, â€Å" Education for All † ( EFA ) . It emphasised that primary instruction should be made available to everyone and illiteracy should be appreciably reduced by the terminal of the 20th century ( 2001: UNESCO ) . Since EFA, many states have reviewed the instruction system and related policies in their states. EFA said that acquiring instruction for everyone constituted a cardinal right ; this was besides an equal right of all people. Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) declared the completion of cosmopolitan primary instruction ( UPE ) . All states are required to supply primary instruction. The ground why instruction is so much emphasised once more is because instruction will increase productiveness and net incomes of workers, and liven up the economic system. ( 2005: Dissertation Paper. ) From the Czech Republic to Spain, from Austria to the UK, higher instruction reform is high on the political docket of legion states. The particular features of the educational reforms and their exact timing may differ, but non their overall ends and push. Recognition and an consciousness of international tendencies have been on the rise ( Van der Wende 2000 ) as shown by comparings across states, based on OECD publications. It non merely shows the defects, but besides challenges traditional perceptual experiences that place educational establishments and universities entirely in the cultural domain ( Pechar 1999: 73 ) and about higher instruction ‘s function. ( Helga A. Welsh 2004 ) The focal point of this country of proposed survey relates to the instruction systems reforms. Hence, I will clear up in this research some ways of reconstituting the instruction system and how it can be appropriately modified to accommodate the demands of Qatar. Reasons for altering any educational system will besides be discussed. There are a batch of challenges in planing or implementing the educational reforms, which will besides be the topic of my treatment. Background In general, Globalization and new engineerings allow people to portion information quickly and supply an extraordinary opportunity to states all over the universe to set the value and efficiency of their instruction systems. Hence, enhanced instruction secures a better hereafter for the people, encourages economic growing and a holistic development, doing the universe a truly planetary small town. Governments should take a particular attack to reform its educational policies. Whilst going a portion of the planetary small town may look attractive, authorities intercession is necessary to guarantee that such a alteration is managed. This is so that cultural, moral, societal values of the society are preserved, and non wholly mutilated. Qatar is little Arabian province in the Arab Gulf with a little population that the leading had an aspiration to develop in all its facets. Development in the country of instruction is the key to economic and societal development. The RAND Corporation ‘s services were engaged ; ( RAND is a nonprofit research organisation holding conducted nonsubjective surveies, provided helpful elucidation, and produced effectual consequences on the challenges faced by the public and private systems in the universe ) . It was made to analyze the current system and give its recommendations. It was to place new policies options and implement the appropriate option that matched the demands of the State. This was to accomplish the holistic development, as Qatar invested to a great extent in gas and oil industries since it has one of the largest gas Fieldss in the universe, which is its chief wealth. The ground for this measure was because the visionary, His Highness the Emir of Qatar besides sees instruction as the key to Qatar ‘s economic and societal advancement. His Highness ‘ concern that the state ‘s instruction system was non bring forthing consequences of high-quality and was inflexible, outdated, and resistant to reform, made him inquire the RAND Corporation in 2001, to reexamine the kindergarten to rate 12 ( K-12 ) instruction system in Qatar. Qatar wished to hold assorted options for developing a world-class instruction system in line with other Qatari stairss it was taking for societal and political alteration. In November 2002, the State of Qatar officially embarked on the Education for a New Era ( ENE ) reforms and put up a new K-12 instruction system. The ENE had as its overall ends the betterment of pupil results ( loosely defined ) , sweetening in the problem-solving and critical-thinking accomplishments of pupils, to supply them with the chance to socialise and play a more active function in their communities and civic civilization, and topographic point the State of Qatar as a universe leader in instruction. East northeast reforms were commenced by Qatar to take sensed short-comings in the quality of the K-12 instruction offered to its pupils. Prior to ENE, many of Qatar ‘s pupils were retained each twelvemonth, tutoring after school was normal as parents felt that their kids were non given sufficient acquisition in Ministry schools, and most secondary school alumnuss were besides non appropriately prepared to come in selective postsecondary establishments or take up science- and technology-related occupations. This deficiency of quality resulted from a figure of jobs present in the instruction system as a whole ( Brewer et al. , 2007 ) . The Ministry of Education did non hold the vision to implement its ends or to originate alteration. Alternatively of being proactive, it reacted to jobs as they arose, adding sections or procedures in a bit-by-bit manner instead than with a consistent vision in head. The Ministry ‘s hierarchal organisational construction did non promote betterment or alteration. Although the Ministry was really structured, parents, instructors, and other stakeholders did non cognize to whom to travel to for their suggestions or ailments because the lines of authorization were obscure. Similarly, there appeared to be small attempt from the Ministry to near its stakeholder population and understand its demands. Students were taught an out-of-date and stiff course of study, and instructors had to follow Ministry-directed lesson programs each twenty-four hours. Added to this, there were excessively many topics to cover in the clip allotted, ensuing in superficial content coverage. Initial reappraisal of the information reveals that overpowering Numberss of instructors are non satisfied with the professional development of instructors at present. A figure with the relevant responses is presented below: oˆFigure 1 -Zellman, Ryan, Karam, Constant, Salem, Gonzalez, Orr, Goldman, Al-Thani, Al-Obaidli ( 2009 ) Capacity edifice steps are surely called for. With the complete focal point on bringing and lecture, few chances existed for student-teacher interaction in the schoolroom. The talk manner besides did non let instructors to accommodate their attacks for pupils with changing abilities ; larning in the Ministry schools was based on rote memorisation. There was really small authorization or flexibleness for school decision makers. The Ministry assigned principals to edifices, assigned instructors and other staff to schools, and provided furniture, equipment, text editions, and all other instructional stuffs. Finally, the system did non ease public presentation rating for either the module or the pupils. Although instructors were held accountable for put to deathing the centralised course of study, no 1 was held accountable for pupils ‘ public presentation. There were no system-level ends for pupil results ; instructors and decision makers could non estimate whether their attempts were increasing pupils ‘ cognition or bettering their accomplishments. To turn to the jobs of the Ministry system and better the asperity and quality of Qatar ‘s instruction system with the end of fixing Qatari alumnuss to lend to and take part in a globalized economic system and an progressively democratic province, Qatar ‘s leading pursue a comprehensive instruction reform instead than aim one constituent of the instruction system ( Gonzalez, Vi-Nhuan Le, Broer, MarianoJ. Froemel, Goldman, DaVanzo 2009 ) The design and the execution of the reforms present an attack for developing a criterions and choice-based system along with the traditional system. The undermentioned subdivision further elaborates upon the grounds for, and aims of the proposed research. Aims and Research Question The purpose in this thesis is to review and analyze the challenges that occur when be aftering to modify an educational administration, or planing to reconstitute a state ‘s educational strategy, or in implementing a reform plan. I will besides see the grounds that make the reform indispensable, for case, to run into the demand of labor markets, to make holistic development in all facets and discourse many grounds that lead to a important alteration in the educational system. In decision, the case of how the reform can be achieved, in the instance of Qatar, will besides be examined. This is based on the undermentioned cardinal research inquiries: 1-What are the challenges that can be faced when we set out to reform an educational system? 2- Why is at that place a demand to reform any educational system? 3- How can we reform the educational system in Qatar? The above inquiries are answered through an in-depth analysis of the available literature. Methodology and Methods of Data aggregation The methodological analysis adopted will center upon the usage of secondary informations to reply the aforesaid inquiries and formulate decisions. Secondary informations reappraisal: Secondary informations aggregation beginning will chiefly be through the cyberspace. Leads will be obtained from net resources, they will be explored and articles, diary documents, research documents and books will be reviewed, for seeking replies to the three aforementioned inquiries. Secondary informations aggregation and reappraisal will embrace studies and publications by international organisations, such as the United Nations, ( UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP ) , and other documented documents on international state reform programmes associating to instruction. Significant work has been done by the high research organisation, The RAND Corporation, associating to the educational system in Qatar. Published stuff on this topic and their, findings, suggested solutions and impact of implementing their solutions will be analysed. A critical qualitative reappraisal of bing and relevant literature available will be used for this research. It has besides been suggested that more qualitative work demands to be done to look into the resources employed in the medium of learning direction in the more evidently successful schools. In add-on, consequences other than merely trial tonss, such as graduation rates, college attending, or parental satisfaction, should besides be considered in broadening the definition of successful schools. These can be compared with the test-based standards to measure whether the assorted steps conflict with other stairss taken ( Gonzalez, Tanner and Goldman. 2009 ) . Restrictions Restrictions that could impede the accomplishment of the proposed consequences of the research will besides be elaborated upon. Thus, dependance on secondary resource means that information will be taken from other beginnings and as such might non be wholly applicable in replying the inquiries posed. Contradiction in authorised mechanism and literature could oppugn the dependability of the information on instruction reform. The clip besides could be another restriction for this research. In fact, three months is non plenty to transport out a comprehensive and thoroughly research work and to cover the available literature. For that ground, the chief indispensable literature may non be covered owing to restricted timeframe. However, I will work hard to cover the most known resources to transport out the research. The findings will clear up any restrictions in the information in giving the derived result. How to cite The challenges that meet the education system reform, Essay examples

Success And Failure In Death Of A Salesman Essay Example

Success And Failure In Death Of A Salesman Paper Success And Failure In Death Of A Salesman Success and Failure in Death of a Salesman Throughout history societys interpretations of success and failure remain fundamentally sound. Over the years monetary, occupational, and family standings continue to be some key items which measure the success and or failure of an individual. Many people believe that a well-paying occupation and the possession of material goods such as cars and houses represent the epitome of success. On the other hand, society considers the lack of money and material goods in ones lifetime typical of a loser. In order to be triumphant both in Arthur Millers lifetime as well as in present day society, one must conquer mankinds high expectations. Fulfilling these demands is attainable for only a small percentage of the human race. However, meeting these challenges for the majority of mankind whether through indifference, neglect, inferiority, or laxity leads to what society labels, unsuccessful. Today the general public is far more generous in their acceptance of people who strive and attain successf ul standings in the workplace and community, than those who lack determination and drive. Arthur Millers ideas on success and failure similarly concur with the viewpoints of present day society. Many of Millers life experiences are relative to We will write a custom essay sample on Success And Failure In Death Of A Salesman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Success And Failure In Death Of A Salesman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Success And Failure In Death Of A Salesman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer success, death, salesman, willy, willys, miller, family, failure, dream, charley, society, ben, one, life, loman, drama, well-liked, millers, american, world, reality, father, dreams, views, successful, never, man, business, bernard, about, throughout, present, past, order, during, being, because

State vs. Non-State Essays

State vs. Non-State Essays State vs. Non-State Essay State vs. Non-State Essay State vs. Non-State When considering the use of violence and non-violence throughout history, or at least in the last 200 years, the term Manifest Destiny comes to mind. Although it is not in itself a violent or for that matter a non-violent action, the idea of Manifest Destiny gave Americans the attitude of Gods will for westward expansion which in turn lead to the violent relocation of the Native Americans, or First Peoples. Through laws, being the non-violent action of relocation, and war on the First Peoples being the violent means to an end. This is not the only idea throughout this time period, ountries throughout the world were all going through change and not all of the changes for the better and not all the changes were made by the state. In 1917, in Russia, the people were getting fed up with the Czars ungodly rule over them. This came to a head during the March Revolution; 90,000 textile workers went on strike during the middle of World War I protesting the shortage of fuel and bread, by the end of the week there was a totally 400,000 striking with signs of Down with the Tsar and Down with the War. The state or in this case the tsar banned protesting and ent in the army to shoot the protesters. This use of violence back fired when the army turned on their officers and Joined in on the protesting, demanding an end to the war. This Revolution led to the downfall of the Tsar, using both violent and non- violent means and involving both the state and non-state peoples. Another form of mass state actors is the formation of the League of Nations in an attempt to secure world peace or at least maintain some form of order throughout the world. This would eventually lead to more violence and then breakdown all together and turning nto the United Nations. The greatest person in History, or at the least the most well known, to do with non-violence would be Gandhi. His idea of satyagraha says in all in the sense of striving for truth and social Justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the oppressor. Gandhi used these ideas in his organization of a mass non-violent resistance campaign against the restriction of Asian immigration and internal freedom of movement in South Africa. Thousands of Indian men and women marched peacefully and all the while withstood beatings, arrest, and imprisonments. Although Gandhi is the leader of South Africa, one could almost call his peaceful campaign a campaign from the non-state actors as they were resisting a higher government, Gandhi was simply the face of the body. A solid idea of state actors using violence and non-violence to get their way would be Mussolinis Black Shirts and their attempt and success in ridding the country of Spain of socialist buy destroying their newspapers and headquarters. Mussolini used their form of chaos to step forward as the countries savior and became a leading fgure in World War II on the Axis side of power. Hitler was also another clever man in his use of non- violence, surprising I know. Hitler would use his elegant speeches to sway the minds of the Germans and convince them that everything he goes to do is in their interest. Using his control over their thoughts, in a manner of speaking, he would push through laws such as Enabling Act that gave him dictatorial power for the next four years. Non-violent to the core, but this kind of power cannot be held without violence. actors, which are famous for their extreme use of violence to an end. They were ordered to arrest and shoot without trail about thousand long-time Nazi storm roopers, this led to army leaders throughout Germany to swear total obedience to Hitler. Past the state actors are famous non-state actors such as Lech Walesa and the Solidarity movement. This movement by non-state actors was an attempt to for increased rights for workers and a new political reform. Walesa and the rest of his group used their power, despite being outlawed by the Communist, to bring about a free election in 1989 and this eventually led to the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Non- violence eventually prevailed in Europe and the end of the Cold War followed soon after.

How to Use Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

How to Use Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a written document that provides product users and emergency personnel with information and procedures needed for handling and working with chemicals. MSDSs have been around, in one form or another, since the time of the ancient Egyptians. Although MSDS formats vary somewhat between countries and authors (an international MSDS format is documented in ANSI Standard Z400.1-1993), they generally outline the physical and chemical properties of the product, describe potential hazards associated with the substance (health, storage cautions, flammability, radioactivity, reactivity, etc.), prescribe emergency actions, and often include manufacturer identification, address, MSDS date, and emergency phone numbers. Key Takeaways: Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) A Material Safety Data Sheet or is a summary of the key properties of a substance and the hazards associated with its use.Material Safety Data sheets are not standardized, so its important to consult one provided by a respected source.Two chemicals that have the same name may have very different MSDS sheets because the particle size of the product and its purity may significantly affect its properties.MSDS sheets should be kept in an easy-to-find location and made accessible to all persons dealing with chemicals. Why Should I Care About a MSDS? Although MSDSs are targeted at workplaces and emergency personnel, any consumer can benefit from having important product information available. An MSDS provides information about proper storage of a substance, first aid, spill response, safe disposal, toxicity, flammability, and additional useful material. MSDSs are not limited to reagents used for chemistry, but are provided for most substances, including common household products such as cleaners, gasoline, pesticides, certain foods, drugs, and office and school supplies. Familiarity with MSDSs allows for precautions to be taken for potentially dangerous products; seemingly safe products may be found to contain unforeseen hazards. Where Do I Find Material Safety Data Sheets? In many countries, employers are required to maintain MSDSs for their workers, so a good place to locate MSDSs is on the job. Also, some products intended for consumer use are sold with MSDSs enclosed. College and university chemistry departments will maintain MSDSs on many chemicals. However, if you are reading this article online then you have easy access to thousands of MSDSs via the internet. There are links to MSDS databases from this site. Many companies have MSDSs for their products available online via their websites. Since the point of an MSDS is to make hazard information available to consumers and since copyrights dont tend to apply to restrict distribution, MSDS are widely available. Certain MSDSs, such as those for drugs, may be more difficult to obtain, but are still available upon request. To locate an MSDS for a product you will need to know its name. Alternate names for chemicals are often provided on the MSDS, but there is no standardized naming of substances. The  chemical name  or  specific name  is used most often to find MSDSs for health effects and protective measures.  IUPAC  (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) conventions are used more often than  common names.  Synonyms  are often listed on MSDSs.The  molecular formula  may be used to locate a chemical of known composition.You can usually search  for substance using  its  CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service)  registry number.  Different chemicals  may have the same name, but each will have its own CAS number.Sometimes the easiest way to locate a product is to search by  manufacturer.Products may be found using their  US Defense Department NSN. A National Supply Number is a four-digit FSC class code number plus a nine-digit National Item Identification Number or NIIN.A  trade name  or  product name  is the brand, commercial, or marketing name the manufacturer gives the product. It does not specify what chemicals are in the pr oduct or whether the product is a mixture of chemicals or a single chemical. A  generic name  or  chemical family name  describes a group of chemicals with related physical and chemical properties. Sometimes an MSDS will list only the generic name of a product, although in most countries laws require that chemical names also be listed. How Do I Use a MSDS? An MSDS might appear to be intimidating and technical, but the information is not intended to be difficult to understand. You might simply scan an MSDS to see if any warnings or hazards are delineated. If the content is difficult to understand there are online MSDS glossaries to help define any unfamiliar words and often contact information for further explanations. Ideally you would read an MSDS before obtaining a product so that you could prepare proper storage and handling. More often, MSDSs are read after a product is purchased. In this case, you can scan the MSDS for any safety precautions, health effects, storage cautions, or disposal instructions. MSDSs often list symptoms that might indicate exposure to the product. An MSDS is an excellent resource to consult when a product has been spilled or a person has been exposed to the product (ingested, inhaled, spilled on skin). The instructions on an MSDS do not replace those of a health care professional, but can be helpful emergen cy situations. When consulting an MSDS, keep in mind that few substances are pure forms of molecules, so the content of an MSDS will depend on the manufacturer. In other words, two MSDSs for the same chemical may contain different information, depending on the impurities of the substance or the method used in its preparation. Important Information Material Safety Data Sheets are not created equal. Theoretically, MSDSs can be written by pretty much anyone (although there is some liability involved), so the information is only as accurate as the authors references and understanding of the data. According to a 1997 study by OSHA one expert panel review established that only 11% of the MSDSs were found to be accurate in all of the following four areas: health effects, first aid, personal protective equipment, and exposure limits. Further, the  health effects  data on the MSDSs frequently are incomplete and the chronic data are often incorrect or less complete than the acute data. This doesnt mean that MSDSs are useless, but it does indicate that information needs to be used with caution and that MSDSs should be obtained from trustworthy and reliable sources. The bottom line: Respect the chemicals you use. Know their hazards and plan your response to an emergency before it happens!